MEMLÜKLÜLER DÖNEMINDE GÖRÜLEN SOSYAL ORGANİZASYONLAR FÜTÜVVET SİSTEMİ ÖRNEĞİ

A SAMPLE OF THE YOUTHFULNESS OF THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS THAT EMERGED DURING THE MAMLUK ERA التنظيمات االجتماعية التي ظهرت إبان حكم المماليك نظام الفتوة أنموذجاً

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ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ
ﻭﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ، ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﺎ، ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ، ﻭﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺔ، ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺪﺓ، ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻗﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.، ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﻼﻕ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ
ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻء ﻟﻬﺎ( ﻭﺣﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻗﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ.
ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻁﺮﺃﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻨﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺓ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ. ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﻪ: ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺓ؛ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛﻲ

Abstract

In the era of the Mamluks, social organizations emerged in the form of organizations and varieties, or through daily and seasonal activities that were carried out according to their needs. This resulted in social organizations that emerged in the most important Islamic cities such as Damascus, Aleppo and Egypt. Their direct influence spread within the capital of the Abbasid caliphate Baghdad, They played a major role in defending them under different circumstances.
The Youthfulness that we are studying began in the period before the mission, which included good qualities such as generosity, courage, equestrian and rescue, in addition to the negative characteristics such as entertainment and alcohol and so on. Islam Has Organized all of theses traditions, transformed all into Virtues belong to the main religious code (The concept of the nation and loyalty to them) and denied the negative, such as alcohol and gambling and so on.
There have been radical changes in the era of the Mamluks on the concept of Youthfulness as a result of the political and social development of the state, and through this study we will learn the system of bully and its relationship to the Mamluk power and the mechanism of dealing with the Authority.

Keywords: Youthfulness; Mamluks Era

Yazar: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Amira Samy Mahmoud HUSSEIN, Prof. Dr. Seyfullah KORKMAZ

Yıl: 2018